June birthstone

Types of pearls: Akoya, Tahitian, South Sea and freshwater

An organic gem formed inside a mollusk as layers of nacre build up around an irritant. Pearls are not mined or cut, and most are cultured with human help. The four main types differ in where they grow, their size, color and luster.

Akoya pearls

Saltwater pearls known for a classic round shape and high luster, often used in traditional strands. Usually white or cream with a strong pink overtone; blue or gray also occur.

Tahitian pearls

Naturally dark saltwater pearls with high luster that can look almost metallic. Gray to black, with green, blue or purple overtones.

South Sea pearls

Larger, rarer saltwater pearls with a soft, satiny luster. Often white or golden.

Freshwater pearls

More affordable and widely available, in many shapes and sizes. Often white, cream, peach, pink or lavender.

Caring for pearls

Pearls are the softest birthstone (2.5 on the Mohs scale, per GIA) and react to acids, perfume, hair spray, cosmetics and perspiration. GIA's advice:

Put pearls on last, after perfume and makeup.
Wipe them with a very soft, clean cloth after each wear.
Clean them occasionally with warm soapy water; never use ultrasonic or steam cleaners.
If they are strung, let the string dry completely before wearing.

See the full pearl guide and the other June birthstones, alexandrite and moonstone.

Frequently asked questions

What are the four main types of pearls?

Akoya, Tahitian and South Sea (all saltwater) and freshwater pearls.

Which pearls are black?

Tahitian pearls are naturally dark, from gray to black with green, blue or purple overtones.

Which pearls are the most affordable?

Freshwater pearls are typically the most affordable and widely available, according to the American Gem Society.

Pearl types: AGS: Pearl. Care: GIA: Pearl care and cleaning. Checked October 16, 2026.